Harmonic Compensation by PV-STATCOM - 678 Words

For emolument of current harmonics (if any), the instantaneous resoluteness of different active and reactive powers is utilized - the active and reactive powers are computed utilizing p-q theory. No restrictions are imposed on the voltage or current wave forms, and it can be applied to three-phase systems with or without a neutral wire for three-phase generic voltage and current wave forms. Thus, it is valid not only in steady state, but withal in transient states. The p-q Theory first transforms voltages and currents from the a-b-c to ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ²-o coordinates, and then defines instantaneous power on these coordinates. Hence, this theory always considers the three-phase system as a unit, not a superposition or sum of three single-phase circuits. The p-q Theory utilizes the ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ²-o transformation, additionally kenned as the Clarke transformation, which consists of an authentic matrix that transforms three-phase voltages and currents into the ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ²-o stationary reference frames, given by: [ââ€"ˆ(V_0@V_ÃŽ ±@V_ÃŽ ² )]=√3/2 [ââ€"  (1/√21/√21/√2@1-1/√2-1/√3@0√3/2-√3/2)][ââ€"ˆ(V_a@V_b@V_c )] [ââ€"ˆ(i_L0@i_LÃŽ ±@i_LÃŽ ² )]=√3/2 [ââ€"  (1/√21/√21/√2@1-1/√2-1/√3@0√3/2-√3/2)][ââ€"ˆ(i_La@i_Lb@i_Lc )] By utilizing the ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ²-o transformation the zero-sequence component can be disunited from the a-b-c phase components. The ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² axes make no contribution to zero-sequence components. If the three-phase system has three wires (no neutral conductor), no zero-sequence current components are present and i0 can be eliminatedShow MoreRelatedWind Power And Energy Power6573 Words   |  27 Pagespower, namely the frequency and the voltage. However, now the overall power system is changing, a large number of dispersed generation (DG) units, including both renewable and non-renewable sources such as wind turbines, wave generators, photovoltaic (PV) generators, small hydro, fuel cells and gas/steam powered Combined Heat and Power (CHP) stations, are being developed [1]-[2] and installed. A wide-spread use of renewable energy sources in distribution networks and a high penetration level will be

##arison Of Revenge In The Cask Of Amontillado And A...

The deranged but brilliant Edgar Allan Poe once said â€Å"The scariest monsters are the ones that lurk within our souls...† His ideas were found in both â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† by Poe, and â€Å"A Poison Tree† by William Blake. In both pieces the authors write about how revenge can create this insane creature within that will only settle for betrayal and destruction. For example, the speakers in both features are wronged by someone and their way of handling it is deceitful murder. The killers on the outside are characterized as calm people, while on the inside they are characterized truly as people who enjoy watching those who â€Å"deserve it† suffer. Poe and Blake use characterization to convey a theme that man takes violent revenge when they are†¦show more content†¦He is characterized as nuts through his enjoyment of death. No man should enjoy anothers torture, no matter what they did to them. Montresor not only enjoys it, he is the pe rson torturing Fortunato. He is crazy and Poe shows this through how Montresor carries out his revenge. While he is crazy, he was very good at hiding his true intentions. Montresor hides his hatred for Fortunato, he pretends to care for him, and want him to succeed, but he actually wants to kill him. Up until he started burying Fortunato, Montresor did a good job of hiding his †needs†. He kept acting like he wanted Fortunato to go home and rest, but under all that he was secretly provoking Fortunato to continue. â€Å"...to smile in his face, and he did not perceive that my smile now was at the thought of his immolation.† (pg 372). Fortunato not only murdered a man, but he gained trust before he crushed his opponent. He completely tricked and plotted against Fortunato with no remorse or guilt. He is so inhumane that he felt it necessary to act as a friend, to show kindness to only see him die at his hand in the end. Montresor is so deceitful, we know this through Poes use of characterization. He hides what he really feels only to make the result that much more enjoyable for him. Montresor puts on a fake, happy persona to hide the flame of revenge that burns within him. He not only doesn’t regret his murder, but he enjoys that way he played it out. Montresor likes how

The Low-Wage Worker wanting the American Dream Free Essays

What she truly experienced was someone stepping out of her comfort zone into a life that she was not born onto. Again, though, her main idea was to find a job and be able to survive income for expenses. In reality, those working in a low-wage job are just trying to survive, and hoping by the end of the day they have broke even, even though most don’t. We will write a custom essay sample on The Low-Wage Worker wanting the American Dream or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Winter Coat, Terrier Griffith, tells the story of what its like growing up poor and wanting to be different. Griffith states that â€Å"the thing about being poor is that you know what it means to be poor – and there’s always someone poorer than you. (Tea 61 ) Griffith talks about what it was like wearing hand me downs, being in the free lunch program, and other classifications,’ like standing in the free lunch line, that sometime embarrassed her. Her mother wanted her to have a future different than the one she was raising Griffith in. Because of the pressure from her mom, she realizes that â€Å"without the protection economic stability provides, this is no room for failure. She had no room to fail. † (Tea 64) She was raised to take the ‘safe road. Griffith talks about the class of people, especially by what they are wearing, and explains that by comparing the different coats people wear on the train that she rides. She realizes that many peop le continually deal tit wanting the American Dream everyday. â€Å"What about the American Dream, the theory that with hard work and perseverance people can transcend in the class in to which they are born? Want to believe in it, but I don’t. Class is about more than money; its about safety and security, knowing that what you have today, you will have tomorrow. It’s about having faith and feeling safe in the knowledge that when my coat gets worn out, there will be other coats. † (Tea 65) No matter what class people are in, I believe everyone is trying to live out their definition of the American Dream. The cost for this hope can be life hanging. In The Just-Add-Water Kennedy’s and Barbecue Bread Violence, Polyester, starts off her story focusing on the American Dream. Polyester states, â€Å"Fewer than one percent of Americans break out of the class they are born into. † (Tea 67) She goes on to tell about her parents and their dream of class jumping, and how they devote their lives to it. To her parents, the working class neighborhood, where they lived, was only temporary. Her parents wanted better. Even her grandparents wanted better. It was embedded into each generation that you could move higher up in class, with just the right job, the right education, and the right privileges. Her family struggled with this for years. The only purpose of the â€Å"children† was to become rich. When her father landed a job that provided more money, her parents felt that they had fulfilled their dream, the American Dream. Polyester states: â€Å"Their dream for us hadn’t died. Higher education, to my parents, was still a way for their children to jump class†¦ No matter how hard they tried to turn us into just-add-water Kennedy’s, all fifths posturing failed, and so did college. The bottom line was that were lower class, and there was no way we could be any different. (Tea 73) Though the stories are different, the results are the same. Just as Polyester states, very few Americans break out of the class they are born into, though many want to believe its possible. In Rehearing’s journey, she tries to become lower class, but does not succeed. She sets rules and limits, whereas, most lower class don’t have rules or limits, only their basic need is to survive. The lower class tries to make it to make it to the next month, with the hope that tomorrow they won’t need as much. Their dream is that their children will do better than they did, with the hopes that one day, just maybe class can be jumped, if not by them, then maybe their children. When it comes to the relationships of the lower class, look at the relationship Polyester had with her parents. Her parents tried and pushed hard to come out of the class they were in. They tried to fit in, to be different. It was embedded into them by their parents, that they were not worth anything unless they succeeded. This was their reward. Her parents pushed, both them selves and their children. When her father failed, he ‘couldn’t deal with the shame’ and later committed suicide, only apologizing to his parents for failing. To him, to succeed was to be rich; to fail was to be poor. After his death, her family went their separate ways. Polyester’s family was only ‘together’ to become rich, to jump a class. But when life showed them that they couldn’t they didn’t stay together. I don’t think it matters which class you are, if your family falls apart, it was together for the wrong reasons. I look at my own family situation when I read all three of these stories. Grew up in a lower class family. Both parents had to work to make ends meet. We were not the poorest of the poor, but there were times where we had to rely on the DOD pantry to eat or sign up for help at Christmas just to get presents. L, in no means, thought I would ever stay there. My parents never pushed me to be better then they were, but believe they wanted more for my siblings and me. My parents divorced when I was young and both remarried. I lived with my mom and step dad, where money was tight and I wore hand me downs from my cousin. My dad and his wife had a different life. Though both worked, their kids always had new clothes, and the latest video games. They had a new house, where mine flooded every time it rained. I was on the border of lower and middle class. I went on to Bible College, where I pursued a dream of working in children’s ministry. To my father, it was a waste of my time, as I would make no money from it. When was done, I found myself working in a call center, at a low wage job, making just enough to make ends meet. After I was married I became a nanny, barely making minimum Wage and having to pay my own taxes. Now we had one child. My husband and I struggled for years, as he was laid off from his job and then tried to start his own business. There were many health issues that got ignored because we didn’t have health insurance. I tried selling Mary Kay Cosmetics, buying into he notion that ‘I could be rich like her’ if followed the dream Mary Kay laid out for us. The ‘dream’ ended as a business loss, and costing us more, than I had put into it at the beginning. Reading all three of these accounts had me relating to many of the situations the authors found them selves in. Griffith accounts of being poor and wanting to be different, reminded me of when I was younger and use to tell stories of my parents being a pilot or working for the government, just so I could fit in. Though the story wasn’t true, the desire to fit it was deep rooted, and to this day I even find myself wanting to dress icier, and even more up-class, just so the world won’t know I am still lower class. Who is to know that my clothes came from goodwill or a garage sale? Polyester’s parents remind me of my own father, who believes that a stay-at- home mom doesn’t amount to much, and that a college degree really shows what you are worth. My father wasn’t the extreme like Polyester’s father, but am continually asked about how much I make, or when I will graduate. I have been promised many things, as long as I finish my degree, because to him, that is all that matters. As for Rehiring, the people she worked with in err low-wage jobs remind me of myself sometimes, I still don’t think she could ever truly feel the true emotions of what it is like to be in a low class family. Struggling to make ends meet. Would love to switch places with her and see if she could handle the stress that seems to follow when you are a low-class working family. I have dreamed of living the American Dream. To own a home, have good schools for my children to attend, to not worry about how much I spend at the grocery store, or even be concerned when or if the bills will get paid. Want a life where health insurance isn’t an issue, and I’m not living paycheck to paycheck. I have to believe its possible to obtain it, to have hope. How to cite The Low-Wage Worker wanting the American Dream, Papers

A Comparative Analysis of Culture and Personality Movement and Functionalism Essay Example For Students

A Comparative Analysis of Culture and Personality Movement and Functionalism Essay A Comparative Analysis of Culture and Personality Movement and Functionalism Introduction Basic Dogmas of Functionalism The anthropological theory of functionalism inspired by Emile Durkheim emerged in the early twentieth century as a response to the surpluss of the evolutionary and diffusionist theories of the 19th century and the historicism of the early twentieth ( Goldschmidt 1996 ) . At its nucleus, the theory examines different parts of a society through the usage of an organic analogy, in an effort to better understand how societies map and how they are interconnected. This organic analogy creates a societal being which compares the assorted facets of society to the internal variety meats of a life being, where establishments such as faith, affinity and economic system represent the variety meats and persons are the cells. Organisms are able to populate, reproduce and map based on the interior workings of an incorporate system composed of different parts ( or variety meats ) . Similarly, a society is able to keep indispensable procedures through the interaction of it s different parts. Theref ore, the function of functionalism is to analyze the societal significance of a societal phenomenon in order to understand the map it serves in keeping a peculiar society ( Jarvie 1973 ) . Additionally, in the position of functionalism, society was divided into the constructs of societal construction and societal map. Social construction was the matrix of society while societal map was the function that persons in a society played in keeping the structural whole. Functionalism proposed that the consequence of proper societal operation would be a societal construction in equilibrium, and that equilibrium was the coveted end of all societal systems ( Goldschmidt 1996 ) Cardinal PeoplesIn the Development of Functionalism The British anthropologists Bronislaw Malinowski and A.R. Radcliffe-Brown were two of the people that had the greatest influence on the development of functionalism. Each put forth their ain versions of functionalism between 1910 and 1930 and both had a major impact in the field of anthropology in Great Britian. Malinowski’s theory of biocultural ( or psychological ) functionalism stated that every person has a peculiar set of â€Å"physiological needs† ( nutrition, reproduction, shelter, and protection from enemies ) and it was the function of societal establishments to run into those demands ( Malinkowski ) . In add-on to these physiological demands, there were other types of demands as good. First of wholly, there were the four basic instrumental demands ( assorted systems of economic sciences, societal control, instruction, and political organisation ) that were required for the equal operation of society. These demands were cosmopolitan and needed establishments to keep them. Additionally, there were besides culturally derived demands that were non cosmopolitan and varied between civilizations. Malinowski asserted that each establishment had forces, a charter, a set of norms or regulations, activities, stuff setup or engineering, and a map that it was supposed to carry through in order to run into these demands. Malinowski besides argued that any type of unvarying psychological response was the consequence of the physiological demands of an person and that satisfaction of these demands would alter the necessary cultural activity into an acquired desire, through the procedure of psychological support ( Goldschmidt 1996 ) ; Voget 1996 ) . Unlike Malinowski who focused on biological demands, Radcliffe-Brown focused on societal construction. ( Radcliffe-Brown ) Radcliffe-Brown s theory of structural-functionalism suggested that a society was a system of relationships that was able to keep itself through the procedure of cybernetic feedback. He asserted that the map of establishments was to keep the system of society through the usage of orderly sets of relationships. Further, Radcliffe-Brown proposed that these societal systems existed on a different degree of world that was clearly separate from the universe of biological signifiers and inorganic affair. Based on this thought, Radcliffe-Brown argued that any effort to explicate societal phenomena had to be done wholly on the societal degree. Because the degrees of worlds and societal systems were separate, Radcliffe-Brown asserted that persons were non of import to the survey of societal systems, functioning merely as replaceable, transeunt residents of societal func tions ( Radcliffe-Brown ) . This differed greatly from Malinowski s theories, which put an accent on the importance of the demands of persons ( Goldschmidt 1996 ) . Alternatively, American anthropologists following the theory of civilization and personality put an even greater accent on the survey of the person that had neer existed in anthropology before. Basic Dogmas of Culture and Personality The theory of civilization and personality ( subsequently renamed the theory of psychological anthropology ) became the cardinal focal point of American anthropology during the early twentieth century. The civilization and personality movementwas one of the responses to the nineteenth century theories of societal development and diffusionism. The theory of civilization and personality perpetuated many different point of views which made it difficult to find a centralised leading or consistent preparation plan ( LeVine 2001 ) . There is presently a argument on how precisely the field of civilization and personality emerged. Some argue that it was due to the interaction of anthropology with Freud’s theory of depth psychology ( Singer 1961 ) while Robert A. LeVine ( 2001 ) puts the beginning of the theory in 1918 with W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki publication of â€Å"The Polish Peasant in Europe and America† . Regardless of its point of beginning, the theory was a uni quely American part to anthropological theory and was to a great extent influenced by Freud’s surveies of depth psychology in early childhood and Boas construct of cultural relativism. Coalition Chemistry EssayTheoretical Differences One of the cardinal differences between the theories of civilization and personality and functionalism is the importance of the person in anthropological research. In civilization and personality, the person is the cardinal focal point of survey. This is due to the fact that the chief focal point of this anthropological theory is finding the relationship between civilization and the person and to what extent the two influence each other. Over the old ages, the civilization and personality anthropologists came to recognize that both civilization and persons influence each other, and therefore it is critical to analyze the person ( Erikson and Murphy ) . However, in the theory of functionalism the relationship is more complicated, ensuing in differing point of views between two of the theory’s cardinal figures. In Malinowski s biological functionalism, the person is of import to analyze because the chief focal point of societal systems is to run into the demands ( both universal and cultural ) of a peculiar person. However in Radcliffe-Brown s structural functionalism, persons were non of import to the survey of societal systems, functioning merely as â€Å"replaceable, transeunt residents of societal roles† ( Goldschmidt 1996:510 ) . This is farther reflected in the organismal analogy, where worlds are considered to be single cells in the over-arching societal system. In this analogy, the inside informations and beliefs of the peculiar person are non of import every bit long as they fulfill the specific societal function that is assigned to them in order to maintain the system traveling. Another of import difference is the changing temporal focal point of the two theories. Synchronic is the survey of something at one peculiar point in clip, while diachronic is the survey of something over clip. Culture and personality surveies, every bit good as other theories in American anthropology incorporated both synchronous and historical focal points into their research. However, functionalism is entirely synchronous and no attending is paid to how societal systems change over clip. This thought is farther reflected in differing constructs used by functionalist anthropologists, where the British apprehension of society was significantly different from the American apprehension of civilization. American anthropologists understood civilization to consist economic, societal, political, and spiritual ideas and behaviour, with both synchronous and historical dimensions. In contrast, British anthropologists focused more narrowly on the synchronous survey of society and the asso rted societal systems that comprised it ( Erikson and Murphy ) . Additionally, these different research attacks reflect the differing positions of society and civilization between American and British anthropologists. American anthropologists analyzing civilization and personality borrowed from the evolutionists the thought that civilization was prone to alter and in a changeless province of flux and these alterations ( although non ever to the benefit of persons ) were considered normal. On the other manus, British anthropologists tended to see society as harmonious and stable, neither prone to alter or conflicted and society was in an ideal province when everything was in equilibrium. Key demographics of research is another country of contradiction between the two theories. A big sum of the research used in the theoretical school of civilization and personality was to happen the correlativity between childrearing patterns and grownup personality types. Therefore, anthropologists paid a big sum of attending to childrearing in different societies and compared the consequences cross-culturally, seeking out the typical features of people in different civilizations and imputing these differing features to the differences in childrearing. In contrast, ffunctionalism merely focused on grownups because they were the members of society most frequently make fulling societal functions. Theoretical Similarities The most obvious similarity between the theories of civilization and personality and functionalism is that both were a response to old anthropological theories. Culture and personality was one of the reactions against the nineteenth century theories of societal development and diffusionism. Franz Boas and some his pupils argued against the positions of the early evolutionists, such as Louis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor, who believed each civilization goes through the same hierarchal evolutionary system. Additionally, functionalism was a reaction to the surpluss of the evolutionary and diffusionist theories of the 19th century and the historicism of the early twentieth ( Goldschmidt 1996 ) . Although they established wholly different theories and integrated different facets of the old theories, both were a response to the additive thought found in 19th century anthropology. Additionally, another cardinal similarity between the theories is their damaged position in the modern societal scientific disciplines. Although the theory of civilization and personality has been reincarnated in recent old ages as psychological anthropology, the original theory every bit good as functionalism were finally replaced by other anthropological theories. Further, it should be noted that both the theories of civilization and personality and that of functionalism are anthropological theories, and therefore, both serve to clarify the human status in antecedently undreamed ways. Although this is done through different mediums ( with a psychological reading in civilization and personality theory and an organismal analogy in functionalism ) both theories attempt to understand the operation of human society and better understand the differences that exist between them.

Ram Manohar Lohia Essay Example

Ram Manohar Lohia Essay Ram Manohar Lohia, (born March 23, 1910, Akbarpur, India—died October 12, 1967, New Delhi), Indian politician and activist who was a prominent figure in socialist politics and in the movement toward Indian independence. Much of his career was devoted to combating injustice through the development of a distinctly Indian version of socialism. Lohia was born to a family of merchants. Following the death of his mother when he was two, he was raised primarily by his grandparents, although his father’s commitment to Indian nationalism influenced him during his childhood. Lohia attended Banaras Hindu University before earning a bachelor’s degree (1929) from the University of Calcutta and a doctorate (1932) from the University of Berlin, where he studied economics and politics. In 1934 Lohia became actively involved in the Congress Socialist Party (CSP), founded that year as a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress; he served on the CSP executive committee and edited its weekly journal. A vehement opponent of Indian participation on the side of Great Britain in World War II, he was arrested for anti-British remarks in 1939 and again in 1940; the latter incident resulted in an 18-month imprisonment. With the emergence in 1942 of the Quit India movement—a campaign initiated by Mohandas K. Gandhi to urge the withdrawal of British authorities from India—Lohia and other CSP leaders (such as Jaya Prakash Narayan) mobilized support from the underground. For such resistance activities, he was jailed again in 1944–46. We will write a custom essay sample on Ram Manohar Lohia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ram Manohar Lohia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ram Manohar Lohia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer During and after India’s transition to independence in 1947, Lohia continued to play an active role in its politics. At loggerheads with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on several issues, however, Lohia and other CSP members left the Congress in 1948. He became a member of the Praja Socialist Party upon its formation in 1952 and served as general secretary for a brief period, but internecine conflicts led to his resignation in 1955. Later that year Lohia established a new Socialist Party, for which he became chairman as well as the editor of its journal, Mankind. A spellbinding orator and a passionate and perceptive writer, he advocated for various sociopolitical reforms in his capacity as party leader, including the abolition of the caste system, the adoption of Hindi as India’s national language, and stronger protection of civil liberties. In 1963 Lohia was elected to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of parliament), where he was noted for his sharp criticism of government policies. Although his parliamentary influence was ultimately limited, his progressive views, which he expressed in numerous publications, proved inspirational to many Indians.

Free Essays on The Works Of Flannery O’ Conner

The Works of Flannery O’ Conner As People we must first feel comfortable with all aspects of ourselves because if we don’t someone or something will always be there to exploit our weaknesses. Situations are not always as they seem. Several of the characters in Flannery O’ Conner’s works entitled â€Å"A Good man is Hard to find† and â€Å"Good Country People† proves this to be so because they have had their lives ripped apart by acts of evil. â€Å"Good Country People† is a story about Joy Hopewell a well educated young lady who lived in the south. Joy lost her leg in a hunting accident when she was ten years old. As a result of losing her leg Joy had to have it replaced with a wooden one. Joy also suffered from a weak heart. Joy was the type of person who had very low self esteem. Her handicap made her feel ugly. Because she felt ugly she decided to change her name to suit he ugliness which was Hulga. One day a bible salesman named Manley Pointer was making a sales call to Joy’s family’s home and ended up having dinner with them. Manley started liking Joy and asked her if she would meet him the next night, and she agreed. They met in the loft of a barn and started talking about how Joy had lost her leg. Joy relished the attention that Mr. Pointer was giving her and decided to humor him by taking her leg off. Manley turns out to be a clever man who only wanted to have sex with Joy. When joy finally r ealized what was going on Manley had stolen her leg and left . Joy was left there helplessly. The story entitled â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to find† is about a grandmother who tries to warn her son about going on vacation because there is a convict, known as the Misfit, on the loose. At first the grandmother appears to be a nagging old lady. The grandmother decides to go on vacation anyway and she took her cat with her. While driving down the highway the grandmother was bored and started telling stories about a place in which ... Free Essays on The Works Of Flannery O’ Conner Free Essays on The Works Of Flannery O’ Conner The Works of Flannery O’ Conner As People we must first feel comfortable with all aspects of ourselves because if we don’t someone or something will always be there to exploit our weaknesses. Situations are not always as they seem. Several of the characters in Flannery O’ Conner’s works entitled â€Å"A Good man is Hard to find† and â€Å"Good Country People† proves this to be so because they have had their lives ripped apart by acts of evil. â€Å"Good Country People† is a story about Joy Hopewell a well educated young lady who lived in the south. Joy lost her leg in a hunting accident when she was ten years old. As a result of losing her leg Joy had to have it replaced with a wooden one. Joy also suffered from a weak heart. Joy was the type of person who had very low self esteem. Her handicap made her feel ugly. Because she felt ugly she decided to change her name to suit he ugliness which was Hulga. One day a bible salesman named Manley Pointer was making a sales call to Joy’s family’s home and ended up having dinner with them. Manley started liking Joy and asked her if she would meet him the next night, and she agreed. They met in the loft of a barn and started talking about how Joy had lost her leg. Joy relished the attention that Mr. Pointer was giving her and decided to humor him by taking her leg off. Manley turns out to be a clever man who only wanted to have sex with Joy. When joy finally r ealized what was going on Manley had stolen her leg and left . Joy was left there helplessly. The story entitled â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to find† is about a grandmother who tries to warn her son about going on vacation because there is a convict, known as the Misfit, on the loose. At first the grandmother appears to be a nagging old lady. The grandmother decides to go on vacation anyway and she took her cat with her. While driving down the highway the grandmother was bored and started telling stories about a place in which ...

Website Redesign Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Website Redesign - Assignment Example From this study it is clear that as a professional Information Communication Technologist, the reporter would like to inform you that he needs to redesign the website’s ‘About Us’ and ‘Salon Team’ sections. As part of his responsibility, the reporter would like to urge your office to consider my suggestion to redesign the website so as to make it more appealing to the visitors.This paper discusses that in the author's opinion, might be disastrous for the company. Therefore, he kindly requests you to allow him to redesign these sections by using appropriate and large fonts and spacing, change the coloring and use more clear and conspicuous photos. He also suggests that these sections should be changed because they have a lot of grammar mistakes that if left as they are, can damage the reputation of the company. Therefore, he suggests that all the grammar mistakes should be corrected. Moreover, the sections are so wordy.meg a lot of unnecessary words we re used when it was being designed. For this reason, the reporter proposes that the wording structure need to be corrected. Any unnecessary words should be removed so as to make the website precise, readable, attractive and comprehendible. This, in the reporter's opinion, is the only way through which the website would be eye-catching and appealing to the target audience who is known for loving attractive things.  Ã‚  

Economic Development Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic Development Proposal - Essay Example The M’Bochi lives in the northwest and majority of the Brazzaville’s skilled workers and civil servants are from this group. In addition to these tribal groups, the country also includes a small Pygmy population with approximately 12,000 Pygmies (Overlanding Africa.com). These tribal groups represent different levels of socio-economic development and constitute an economically, politically, and socially underdeveloped community. They are most vulnerable to various forms of economic exploitation, social stagnation, and political isolation. Hence, it is necessary to integrate these tribal groups with the rest of the community on a footing of equality so as to help them attain progressive advancement. This is an economic development proposal that envisages the overall development of the Congo communities in the long run. Congo: An Overview Before framing the development proposals, it is necessary to analyze various economical, social, political, and cultural aspects of the country in order to get a clear view of the current status of the country. The country possesses a potential mining sector and productive agricultural sector. Researches indicate that the Congo’s untapped deposits of raw minerals are expected to be worth over US$ 24 trillion. Although the Congo was the second largest industrialized country in Africa at the time of its independence, currently it is one of the poorest countries in the world. While analyzing the Congolese Economy, it seems that the country’s fiscal policies are weaker and this troublesome situation is identified to be the most potential challenge to the growth of the country. As per the findings of The Heritage Foundation, the country’s business freedom is 40.8% and trade freedom is 61.0%; hence this regulatory environment makes the cost of launching and running a business high in the Congo. Similarly, the country maintains an ineffective tax system although it sets high tax rates. Congo’s highest income tax rate is 50% while its top corporate tax rate is 36%. In addition, the country has low investment freedom of 20% and it also represents a low privatization rate (â€Å"The Heritage Foundation†). Evidently, corrupted bureaucracy has become the major impediment to productive investments in Congo. According to World Bank, the CIPA fiscal policy rating in Congo was 3.50 in 2008. Hence, the tribal council must specifically take into account the weaker investment status of the country as inefficient operations of the Congolese government hamper foreign investments. The Congolese government does not adopt a favorable approach towards entrepreneurs and is less likely to promote productive ventures. According to reports, â€Å"uncertain legal framework, corruption, inflation, and lack of openness in government economic policy and financial operations† have been threatening the sustainable economic development of the country (Asias and Azizet). Due to uncertain ty about economic outcomes, lack of infrastructure, and absence of government support, many foreign business firms have transplanted their operations from the country. According to the statistics, the literacy rate of the Congo was 67.2% as of 2001 data and the literate people constitute 80.9% males and 54.1% females. Three government ministries control the education system in the country and it is very similar to that of

Information Security and Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Security and Privacy - Essay Example Although there are several methods to prevent unauthorised access; users occasionally are able to get through the security systems, and it is therefore essential for organizations to also be capable f detecting intruders. Before beginning to discuss how networks can be secured to improve the prevention f intruders, the reason why it is important to prevent intruders will be pointed out to help understand why network security is vital for many businesses. As organizations around the world rely heavily on computers for all their information storage and processing, unprotected computers and networks can be an easy means for anyone to obtain this information. Also as organizations become increasingly dependent on computers and networks to run the business any damage can cause numerous problems for a business with possible costs within the millions. (Fitzgerald 1-7) These costs are caused by the inability to use computers therefore affecting productivity and sometimes causing the complete inability to run the business. As computer systems assist heavily in running businesses and store many f the organizations private data it is easy to see why organizations need to secure their computer systems or it will cost them. Passwords is a relatively easy and cheap ... It might seem that if companies do not connect their networks to the internet there will be no security problems. Therefore meaning security is needed on networks even if it is not connected to the internet. Two main types f security can be used here; passwords and physical security. (Fitzgerald 1-7) Passwords is a relatively easy and cheap form f security that can be implemented on a network, it also provides a good level f security as long as passwords are well kept by employees. With the use f passwords network managers can monitor the use f the network by its users by being able to see who logs in and where their logged in to, as well as what they have done. With more advanced technology network managers can also detect when and where there is an intruder and what the intruder has done. Fundamentally passwords will keep those who are not authorised away from restricted sections f the network, ultimately sustaining an adequate level f security. Physical security is basically using physical means to prevent certain employees from using certain sections or computers on the network. This may include computers being kept in secure rooms with key card or identification security. As organizations connect their networks to the internet, the risk f intruders rises dramatically as there are millions f users online; it also allows users from any part f the world to access your private network. This security issue is heightened as users within the network begin to access areas f the internet that are less secure. The most commonly used method to help prevent intruders and improve the security f the network when connected to the internet is the use f internet firewalls. Basically a firewall is capable f preventing

Accident Causation of Neglect of Worker Well Being

Accident Causation of Neglect of Worker Well Being Accident Causation Workplace safety is of the utmost importance. Understanding events and conditions that may ultimately result in an accidental workplace death or injury is key in maintaining this safety. To prevent or prepare for the occurrence of an accident, precautions must be made for all parties involved. Ensuring that all safeguards are in place, should result in a low likelihood of an accident occurring. However, in instances where overall safety is neglected, dangerous conditions and accidents are far more likely, and typically have disastrous outcomes. One such instance of gross neglect of worker well-being is evident in the 1931 disaster in Gauley Bridge, WV stemming from the construction of the Hawks Nest Tunnel. The task at hand was to construct a dam and tunnel system as to divert and carry water of the New River to boost the ability of power generation. In the midst of construction, workers stumbled upon silica in the area. After this discovery, laborers were asked to mine and collect the silica for future use in steel workings. Silica, in such conditions, was in dust form and easily inhalable. No masks, respirators, or equipment of these sorts was provided to the workers resulting in silicosis, but were worn by supervisors in times of inspection. This proved to be definitively deadly to over 475 workers, but hundreds or thousands of other deaths were likely a direct result of the incident. Simple measures could have been taken to lessen or eliminate the deaths that resulted from the neglectful ways of the companies involved. Providing masks or respirators to the men working to extract the silica would have greatly reduced the amount of dust inhaled by the individuals. Today, regulations by OSHA and other organizations protects workers in situations such as these requiring proper equipment be dispersed and used [1]. The 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy is an example of heightened disastrous aftermaths resulting from a lack of precautionary measures and poor emergency protocols surrounding the events. Though there are differing theories on how the leak happened, workers insist that the poor working facilities, little regard for safety, and undertrained employees ultimately led to poor operations of the tanks resulting in the leak. Immediately after the accident, there seemed to be little to no urgency in notifying residents and other workers of the possible consequences, inducing a greater risk to the overall well-being of everyone within or near the incident. Thousands of lives were lost as a result of the leak. In any case, several tactics could have been implemented as to reduce the possibility of a leak occurring. Better maintenance of the equipment and facility, an improved sense of worker safety, and proper training of all workers could have all made a significant difference in the outcome of this d isaster. Since this time, regulations have been put into place and organizations and activist groups are working to help those that were involved, including the passing of The Environmental Protection Act in 1986 [2]. A number of incidents such as these are very preventable. With sufficient precautions and procedures in place, careless accidents and wrongful deaths and injuries would be greatly downsized. In general, if people, especially companies and supervisors, cared as much for the well-being of individuals in the workplace as much as they cared for a successful job, occurrences or neglect may be eliminated and the task could still be executed properly. In time, regulations and organizations such as OSHA have worked to stabilize the workplace, but it is evident that more work still needs to be done. Phillips disaster of 1989: During routine maintenance of polyethylene reactors, extremely flammable gases escaped through an open valve. When checking the reactors, valves are closed and compressed hoses disconnected. The hoses look identical and had been reversed and wrongly installed after the last inspection. Now when closing the valve, it was being opened and released the gas killing over 20 people. OSHA investigated, citing multiple violations including inadequate standard operating procedures. A settlement was reached, but since this disaster, two other fatal instances have occurred. Kader Toy Factory fire: A 1993 fire in the factory (building 1) killed 188 and injured more than 500. A small fire broke out on the first floor, but workers on upper floors were instructed to continue work. The fire alarm did not sound and the exit doors were locked. The structural integrity and design of the building was also poor and causing a quick collapse. This led to the government addressing the major flaws in fire safety measures. References [1] Gauley Bridge. http://cstl-hcb.semo.edu/pgershuny/Gauley%20Bridge.htm [2] Broughton, E. (2005). The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Environmental Health, 4, 6. http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-4-6

Barnabas :: essays research papers

Barnabas I. Who was Barnabas? II. Where is he first mentioned in the Bible? III. Barnabas' introduction of Saul to the apostles IV. His mission work with Paul V. His departure from Paul VI. Barnabas as a writer VII. His Death Barnabas was a native of the island of Cyprus. His birthplace makes him a Jew of the Diaspora, the dispersion of Jews outside Palestine or modern Israel. He was originally named Joseph but the apostles called him Barnabas, he probably acquired this name because of his ability as a preacher. The name Barnabas was understood by Luke to mean "Son of Encouragement" (Acts 4:36). Barnabas was an apostle of the secondary group, companion of Paul on his mission to Cyprus and the Pisidian mainland. Barnabas first appears in Luke's account of communal living in the Jerusalem church, as a man of some means who gave to the church the proceeds from the sale of a piece land, "Barnabas sold a field he owned and brought the money and put it at the apostles' feet" (Acts 4:36-37). After the stoning of Stephen in Acts 7:54-8:1, the church was persecuted and scattered, "On that day a great persecution broke out against the church at Jerusalem, and all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria. Godly men buried Stephen and mourned deeply for him. But Saul began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off men and women and put them in prison" Acts 8:1-3. In Acts 9:26-27, "Saul tries to join the disciples, but they were all afraid of him, not believing that he really was a disciple. But Barnabas took him and brought him to the apostles. He told them how Saul on his journey had seen the Lord and that the Lord had spoken to him, and how in Damascus he had preached fearlessly in the name of Jesus." Barnabas thus belongs to the company of first converts in Jerusalem who were won by the apostolic preaching, if not by Jesus himself. Though not a native, Barnabas had the confidence of the apostles. Later he was sent to join the company of workers at Antioch, to preach to Jews, Hellenists, and Greeks (Acts 11:19-22). As the work of the Antioch church expanded and more workers were needed, Barnabas went over to Tarsus and brought back with him Saul. It seems that Barnabas was the leader of the Antioch church, and the order which Luke gives, "Barnabas and Saul," indicates the pre-eminence. It was "Barnabas and Saul" who carried relief funds from Antioch to the famine- stricken Jerusalem (Acts 11:30).

Michael Henchard’s life is a series Essay

Michael Henchard’s life is a series of terrible disasters, which leads to self destruction. However, deciding whether Michael Henchard is responsible for his own downfall and to what extent is something which needs a lot of deliberation before getting an answer. There are different factors which need to be looked at before deciding this, such as whether it was Henchard’s fault, or whether he could have stopped the disaster from happening. The only way to determine whether or not Henchard is totally responsible for his own downfall is to look at each disaster which occurs in the novel and then see whether he could have prevented it or not. Starting directly from the beginning, the novel begins with Michael Henchard travelling with his wife and daughter and then stopping at a furmity tent for some food. Michael straight away decided that he wanted some rum in his furmity. â€Å"He winked to her, and passed up his basin in reply to her nod; when she took a bottle from under the table, slily measured out a quantity of its contents, and tipped the same into the man’s furmity. The liquor poured in was rum. † He soon got drunk after several helpings of it and when his wife tried to quieten him a little. He then began to ramble about how better off he would be without her. â€Å"I married at eighteen, like the fool that I was; and this is the consequence o’t. † It is clear to the audience that Henchard is a rude and careless character. Henchard’s attitude and behaviour is influenced by alcohol, and it appears to the audience that his wife, Susan is aware of this. â€Å"†¦ his wife, who seemed accustomed to such remarks, acted as if she did not hear them†¦ † The scene is set for a foreboding novel when Hardy expresses his feelings about nature and mankind in the first part of the novel. He compares nature and mankind. â€Å"In contrast with the harshness of the act just ended within the tent was the sight of several horses crossing necks and rubbing each other lovingly, as they waited in patience to be harnessed†¦ † After Michael spending his evening drinking rum, he began auctioning his wife to anybody who would buy her. A sailor offered Michael Henchard 5 guineas for both hi wife and daughter. Michael would not sell them for any less. Susan gave Henchard one last chance to say he didn’t mean it before she left with the sailor as it wasn’t a joke no more. â€Å"A joke? Of course it is not a joke! † Shouted her husband. With this his wife and daughter left with the successful bidder. Michael Henchard losing his wife and child was the first disaster. This disaster was without a doubt Michael’s fault. He had decided to have rum with his furmity, even though he had had it before, knowing that he makes him drunk, and he knew he had tried to sell his wife before. He should have known not to have too much, if any liquor, and because he chose to do so in the knowledge that he has a bit of a drinking problem, this makes the whole disaster hid fault. I do not think that any blame can be passed onto his wife. Susan felt the contempt that Michael had for her. Henchard shows he has integrity once sober, when he later regrets selling his wife and daughter and goes to search for her. â€Å"Well I must walk about till I find her†¦ † This shows a positive side to Henchard, for taking the time to recover the mistake he made. He also made an oath not to drink for 21 years, due to his hideous behaviour the previous night. In contrast to this, he later blames Susan for his atrocious attitude and behaviour and appears very angry at her. â€Å"†¦ seize her, why didn’t she know better than being me into this disgrace! † He roared out. † In the next part of the novel, Susan finds Henchard as a successful businessman as mayor of a small town called Castorbridge. â€Å"Mr. Henchard- now habited no longer as a great personage, but as a thriving business man. † Henchard has worked hard and had a lot of determination to get to where he is now. He needs to continue being successful and hard working in order to prevent his own downfall, as Henchard has much more to lose now. Henchard meets a Scottish man called Donald Farfrae by accident but takes a liking to him and employs him in order to increase his wealth. Farfrae has inventive machines which are useful to trade. â€Å"†¦ it is true that I am in the corn trade†¦ I have some inventions useful to the trade†¦ † Farfrae appears to be a helpful, kind, gentleman, who is willing to help and is a good citizen. Hardy describes how the town of Castorbridge have already taken a liking to Farfrae. The audience can view Henchard’s jealousy of Farfrae. â€Å"By this time he had completely taken possession of the hearts of the Three Mariner’s inmates. † After 19 years ‘Henchard’s daughter’, Elizabeth-Jane returns with a message from his wife Susan. Henchard is over-whelmed to see EJ again. He shows her around his beautiful home and makes her feel very welcome. He is highly surprised to hear that his wife whom he had sold many years ago remains alive. â€Å"Oh— Susan is— still alive? † He asked with difficulty. By Hardy expressing how Henchard speaks about Susan reflects his true feelings for her. Henchard doesn’t necessarily love Susan still, but he does show contempt for her towards EJ. Henchard informs Farfrae of his disastrous past when he sold his wife and child EJ. â€Å"Well, I lost my wife nineteen years ago or so -by my own fault†¦ † By Henchard admitting to doing something wrong shows he has integrity again. By Henchard being completely honest with his business partner, the audience see the positive side to him come out again. Henchard’s downfall continues from his relationship with Farfrae. Hardy describes the liking Henchard has for Farfrae. This is used to make Henchard’s downfall look bigger than if Henchard wasn’t so involved and close to Farfrae. Henchard and Susan are not lovers anymore and Susan meets him at the ‘ring’, an amphitheatre near Castorbridge which Hardy describes as,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ seldom had place in the amphitheatre, that of happy lovers. † Even though Susan and Henchard are not close anymore, Henchard shows sensitivity towards Susan and begins their conversation in a peculiar way. â€Å"I don’t drink anymore. † This is Henchard wanting to prove a point to Susan that he regrets what he did, by telling her that he now feels responsible for his actions shows a positive side to Henchard. Susan and EJ see a lot more of Henchard and after a while EJ becomes closer to Michael and spends more time with him than she does her mother. As the bond grows between the two, Henchard requests for EJ’s name to be changed to Miss. Henchard in its place of Miss. Newson. â€Å"Now, Susan, I want to have her called Miss. Henchard- not Miss. Newson†¦ it is her legal name-so it may as well be made her usual name- I don’t like t’other name at all for my own flesh and blood†¦. She won’t object. † â€Å"No. O no. But-† â€Å"Well, then, I shall do it,† said he, peremptorily. The audience see a stubborn and self-centred side to Michael here. In contrast to this the audience can also see how much Henchard wants EJ to become part of his family again by name. This again shows that he is sorry for what he done. Michael seems rather pushy towards Susan. Susan is slightly hesitant about the whole situation. Taking a situation like this upon himself, without his wife actually agreeing is very selfish of Henchard. The audience notices Susan’s hesitance and begin to sense an explanation for this. Hardy includes another character Abel Whittle in order to illustrate the variation in character between Henchard and Farfrae. Abel is employed by Henchard and when Abel is late Henchard uses an insensitive approach on Whittle. Quite the reverse to this Farfrae shows a more kind and gentle approach towards him. This sparks jealousy of Henchard on Farfrae. A sense of disruption in their relationship occurs and the audience can see the beginning of Henchard’s downfall. Henchard also becomes jealous of Farfrae when he begins to bond with EJ. Henchard doesn’t want to run the risk of losing EJ therefore dispenses with Farfrae. â€Å"Mr. Farfrae’s time as my manager is drawing to a close- isn’t it Farfrae? † He did this because he loves EJ, but he also wants to keep his good name and does not wish for Farfrae to take over everything. Hardy is clever, in the way he creates the characters Henchard and Farfrae. He makes Henchard’s character the complete opposite to that of Farfrae. This gives the audience a great understanding and knowledge of each character; therefore they’re able to predict what will occur after each turning point to each character. Henchard realises he is in yet another disaster. Michael had not too long before his wife and daughter had found him, spent the night with a woman called Lucetta. He had then promised to marry her so she can keep her virtue. He did this thinking that Susan and EJ had died. This of course means he cannot marry Lucetta. Susan becomes to unwell to leave her bed, therefore Henchard and EJ are expected to look after her. In the mean time Lucetta tells Henchard she wants her letters back, and that she wishes to meet him at the antelope hotel. â€Å"†¦ I shall be in the coach, which changes horses at the antelope hotel at half past five on Wednesday evening; I shall be wearing a Paisley shawl with a red centre, and this may be easily found. I should prefer this plan of receiving them to having them send. – I remain still, yours ever. ‘LUCETTA’ â€Å". Hardy includes a lot of specific description in Lucetta’s letter, which shows a strong character to Lucetta. Thomas Hardy has a strong point of putting across the personalities of characters to the audience. Michael is in a bit of a tricky situation here, with Susan too ill to get out of bed, and Lucetta requesting to see him. Henchard has put himself in this mess in the first place, by assuming that Susan and EJ were dead. On the other hand Henchard shows positive again by being honest with Lucetta, informing her of the unexpected arrival of his ‘who he thought was dead’ wife and child. When the traumatic death of Mrs. Henchard occurs, the lonely sad life of Michael Henchard appears. The only person he now cares about and has got left is Elizabeth Jane. EJ has lost her mother and Henchard wants EJ to know who her father is. EJ is originally shocked at what she has just heard but then settles nicely and begins called him dad. The next catastrophe which happens, Henchard walks straight into himself. Susan left a letter in an envelope for Henchard stating â€Å"Not to be opened until the wedding of EJ†. The audience immediately know that Henchard will open the letter by the anxious character which Hardy has created. EJ isn’t really Henchard’s daughter. Henchard feels that fate is against him and he begins to feel separated from EJ. Without Henchard’s eagerness and self-concerned attitude towards everything, Henchard would be able to continue his happy life with his daughter, oblivious to the fact that she isn’t his own. Hardy’s efforts to put across the personality of Michael Henchard at the beginning of the novel are very successful. Throughout the novel Henchard’s downfall has just increased by the day. The language used at the beginning of the novel is exceptionally descriptive. First impressions of Henchard are positive from reading the first page. The negative side begins to show when he reaches the furmity tent. By chapter 31 Hardy shows that Henchard has sunk socially and financially. He has to go and live with Joshua Jopp and refuses to see anyone. â€Å"Socially he had received a startling fillip downwards; and, having already lost commercial buoyancy from rash transactions, the velocity of his descent in both aspects became accelerated every hour. † Farfrae and EJ decide to get married. Henchard shows integrity by attending but EJ just can’t forgive Henchard for what he did and walks away form him. He bought a goldfinch as a wedding present, which Hardy uses as a symbol of Henchard’s life. Some people may have different opinions on why Henchard went downhill. Some people may put it down to fate. Others may think that Henchard is entirely responsible for all that happened. Hardy leaves this decision quite widely open. Henchard’s character has an extreme effect on other people and how their lives are lived, especially EJ’s.

The Influence of Literature on the Monster Essays

The Influence of Literature on the Monster Essays The Influence of Literature on the Monster Paper The Influence of Literature on the Monster Paper I would also switch Plutarch Lives for A Separate Peace and Ruins of Empires for the Bible. Changing the reading material of the monster would greatly impact how he acts and thus, changing the outcome of the story. Paradise Lost Is a solid read, but If the monster really wants to learn and understand nature and English, he needs a dictionary. The possibilities of a dictionary the most useful of nearly all books. If the monster had a dictionary, he loud not have to worry about eavesdropping on peoples conversations in order to learn. Paradise Lost is good literature, but will not help him like a dictionary would. With the monsters minor intelligence, a book such as this would be of great use to him. The second change in books I chose was Where the Red Fern Grows. I think the most important value in this book that may help the creature is compassion. Where the Red Fern Grows illustrates compassion in many parts of the book, as it regards a boy and his love for his dogs. The creature can learn a lot from this reading because it can open his heart more. If he does this than he can prevent himself from harming anybody, now that he has the concept of compassion. If he had learned about these good concepts from Where the Red Fern Grows, then It may have stopped him from compassion would help him to not to commit murder. Also, this skill would have helped him forgive Victor for not carrying out his plan of getting a female monster. All in all, a better choice of reading for the creature than Sorrows of a Young Writhe loud have been Where the Red Fern Grows, to better control himself and act more civil. The third book that the monster originally read was Plutarch Lives. I swapped it for A Separate Peace by John Knowles. I did this so that the monster could get a better grasp on the theme that revenge is not the answer. He needed to have a better concept of this moral because It would allow him to forgive Dry. Frankincense, and not kill his wife. The novels mall pipeline Is concerning whether one boy should get revenge or not. The creature needs to fill his mind with literature that will soften is heart, and not only give him knowledge, but teach him not to seek revenge, for it Is Tilted, not sweet. Finally, the last book swap I would make is Volleys Ruins of Empires for The Bible. The bible is the most essential book ever written. It teaches you how to live with God, many words of the English language, and it teaches a ton of history. The creature would honestly be getting the whole package if he had the Bible. If he follows the 10 Commandments in the Bible, he will not hurt anybody else. Exodus 20:13 says You shall not murder. If he follows this, like his theoretically will, then it will prevent him from killing multiple people! Also, Psalm 34 :14 says Turn from evil and do good; seek peace and pursue it. This Bible verse should lead him to make good choices and not harm anyone anymore. My last Bible verse is John 3:16, For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. This verse would really be a revelation to the monster because it would give him someone to talk to. I think if the monster had a real legislation with the Lord, no problems would have occurred. All in all, changing the reading material of the creature could have really prevented some conflict in the story. All four changed books should have helped the creature gain a better understanding of the moral concepts of compassion, and that revenge does not pay, and not kill anybody. The Bible should get him in a relationship with God, impacting his decision making in a positive manner. If the reading material for the creature was altered then maybe the outcome of the book would have been different.

The 10 Best ACT Books Recommended for ACT Prep

The 10 Best ACT Books Recommended for ACT Prep SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Has your reading list been taken over by ACT prep books? There are a lot out there to choose from, and you want to make sure you're using high-quality materials that will get you ready for the ACT. This guide is meant to help you choose the best ACT prep books to achieve your goals. I've divided the books up into three categories: the critical book you need, the best books for general prep, and the best books by ACT section. Before jumping into myrecommendations, a quick note about the perspective I'm coming from. FYI: A Disclaimer If books are your preferredresource for studying, then they can take you as far as you want to go in prepping for the ACT. Since all of the following books have different strengths and weaknesses, I would recommend using a combination of several. That way one can make up for any content, strategy, or practice questions that might be lacking in another. At the same time, it's up to you to make a study plan and stick to it. This ACT book list hasall the material you need, but it's up to you to make the most of them. Because designing and sticking to a plan is challenging to students at any age and level (the urge to procrastinate never goes away, to be honest), PrepScholar's online ACTprep program has a great track record of helping students meet their goals. This program combines the best parts of each of these books, while also building in a measure of accountability. It helps you design a study plan customized to your particular needs, strengths, and weaknesses, keep track of your progress, and stick to your benchmarks over a sustained period of time. Regardless of what method works for you, we're committed to givingall students access to the resources they need for academic success. That's why we publish detailed guides to the ACT every day, along with free ACT practice test pdfs for you to download and print. That's also why we want to make sure you're using the best ACT prep books available. To that end, let's start by discussing the critical ACT prepbook that every student should purchase. The Critical Book for ACT Prep By calling this book critical, I mean every student should use it to study for the ACT, regardless of herlevel or target scores. It's really important. Go ahead and get it. I'll wait. The Official ACT Prep Guide (or the "Red Book") Amazon price: about $23 Why is The Official ACT Prep Guideso crucial? Because it's made by the test makers themselves, meaning its practice questions are the best representations of what you'll see on the test. They were actually already given on the test, on past administrations of the ACT. All books have pros and cons, though, so let's consider where this oneexcels and where it has limitations. Pros This book has the best sample questions because they're real ACT questions. That means the content will match what you'll see on the test (with one caveat - see the cons section below), as will the format, timing, and wording of the questions. It's crucial to use real practice questions to prep, so you can get used to the test, know what to expect, and assess where you need more practice. The Red Book has five full-length practice tests, all of which were previously administered official tests. It also has over 400 questions available online that you can access with a code you get when you buy the book. While this book is the best source of practice questions, it's not the best book for other aspects of your test prep. Let's consider some of its drawbacks. Cons While the Red Book is a great source for practice questions, it's not the most thorough when it comes to reviewing concepts or learning strategies. It's especially weak when it comes to test-taking strategies, since the ACT test makersare like magicians: they don't want to reveal their tricks. Another weakness of this book has to do with the answer explanations. They could be more thorough. Other books do a better job of walking through the steps of answering a question or solving a problem. This helps you develop a thought process for successfully approaching and answering questions. Finally, it turns out that not all practice tests are equivalent. While ACT, Inc. hasn't announced any changes to the test, many experts agree that the ACT has been gradually changing (ie, getting more difficult) over the years. In particular, they generally agree that the Science section has become more challenging and the Reading faster paced. The practice tests and questions in this book don't always reflect these changes. In fact, many questions in this book seem to be easier than what you'll encounter on test day. You may find yourself scoring higher on these practice tests than on the real ACT. Since the Red Book is best for practice questions, you would need to supplement it with other ACT books that review content and teach strategies. Below ismy ACT preparation books list, divided by the best general books, followed by my suggestions for subject-specific study guides. Best ACT Books for Overall Study The books that are best for overall study address all sections of the ACT, English, Reading, Math, Science, and the optional essay. Some excel in reviewing content, while others are better for strategies, like managing your time, recognizing question type, and speed reading the passages. All of these books can be used alongside the Red Book, where you can apply what you'velearned on real sample questions. Let's jump into the pros and cons of each. Barron'sACT Amazon price: about $17 Pros If you're looking for a large amount of content, strategies, and practice questions all in one big ACT prep book, then Barron's ACT is a good choice. It's a traditional prep book with a thorough review of the concepts that will appear on each section of the ACT. It begins with an introduction to the ACT and suggested study plan, followed by an ACT "dress rehearsal," or diagnostic test to measure your initial level. Then it devotes about 50 pages to each section, with test-taking tactics, skills and concepts, question types, and a practice test. Each section also begins with a warm-up drill, about ten or so quick questions. Barron's discusses the main concepts you need for answering Reading questions, like uncoveringmain point, interpreting details, and understanding vocabulary in context. It breaks down the English section by grammar rule, like punctuation, run-on sentences, and subject-verb agreement. Along similar lines, it describes and gives examples for math concepts like algebra and coordinate geometry, and reviews the data representation, research summary, and conflicting viewpoint questions on the science section. Barron's ACT is a good book for general study, but there's also Barron's for a 36 for those students aiming for a perfect score. Barron's also has subject specific workbooks, such as Barron's ACT Math and Science Workbook, for even more practice questions. Now for the downsides of Barron's ACT. Cons The general feeling around Barron's test prep books is that the practice questions are actually more difficult than real ACT questions. Some go beyond the test in terms of the concepts they test, while others are just worded in an overly complex way. While "overpreparing" is not necessarily a bad thing, it could be an ineffective use of your time. Plus Barron's practice tests might not give you the truest sense of your scoring level. While Barron's is very comprehensive, this thoroughness might also be a drawback for some students. The sheer amount of material can feel overwhelming, and it means students have the extra task of breaking up their studying into smaller, more manageable goals. Reading it cover to cover wouldn't be the most effective approach, so you have to break it up into an order that makes sense for you. Without a frequency guide that prioritizes some concepts over others, this may feel like additional work. The thoroughness of Barron's ACT is a strength, but it also signifies extra commitment from you. Princeton Review's Cracking the ACT Amazon price: about $17 Pros Like Barron's ACT, Princeton Review's Cracking the ACT is a comprehensive, traditional test prep book that provides a full review of content, strategies, and practice questions. It covers Math most thoroughly, followed by Science. The English and Reading sections are less comprehensive. This book clearly states important grammar rules and math concepts you need to know, while suggesting thought processes to use when taking the test. It talks about how best to use process of elimination, what order to answer the questions in to save time, and how to think through questions that leave you stumped. Each section has drills and example questions. This book also provides six full practice tests, four of which are in the book itself and two online. It has an online LiveScorer for the essay, as well as instant scoring for the online tests. Cons This book has similar downsides as Barron's ACT. As a big, comprehensive book, it can feel overwhelming and be difficult to approach. Since it's a traditional prep book, some students might find its style dry and hard to stay engaged with. Since the practice questions aren't official, they aren't the best representation of real ACT questions. Unlike Barron's overly difficult material, though, Princeton Review can be too easy. If you're looking to boost your scores into top percentiles, Princeton Review is probably not the book that will get you there. Instead, books like Barron's and the subject-specific books below are better for achieving top scores. The ACT Black Book Amazon price:about $29 Pros While Barron's and Princeton Review cover all aspects of ACT prep, the ACT Black Book is more narrow in its focus.By this I mean the Black Book is less concerned with teaching you math and English skills and more concerned with teaching you about how the test works. According to the author, Mike Barrett, the ACT is a predictable test that uses the same template year after year. If you study the question types and patterns, then you can recognize exactly what each question is asking you. In a sense, you can beat the test by truly understanding how it works in an in-depth way. Barrett suggests thatany student can score highly on the ACT regardless of their academic performance in school. Doing well is abouthow you think about the questions and avoid the common pitfalls of tricky wording and distracting answer choices. As Barrett says, the ACT is only hard because "it tests the basicsbut in very strange ways." Cons The major con for The Black Book is that it has no ACT practice questions of its own. Because it refers to questions from the Red Book, it has to be used alongside it. The Black Book doesn't have too many lessons on concepts, either. For what it does have, the Math and Reading are stronger than the English and Science. The Black Book presupposes that you already have the skills down, and then shows you how to apply them on the ACT. That's why it must be used in conjunction with another book for content review, and probably only after you possess the requisite skills. Additionally,at about $29, this is one of the more expensive ACT prep books. Because it's a wordy, in-depth look at the structure, format, and tricks of the ACT, it requires a lot of dedication and motivation from students. The Black Book will teach you a lot, but you have to really take the time and energy to engage with it. The Black Book is best for students willing to delve into the material and thereby gain a deep understanding of the ACT and how it works. Up Your Score: ACT, The Underground Guide Amazon price: about $11 Pros The Underground Guide takes a more fun approach to ACT prep. It breaks down the format and concepts of the test in a humorous way, and offers some test-taking strategies. It's written by test-takers who share their experiences and understand what the entire process is like. Unlike other books, it delves into issues of stress and pressure surrounding the tests and offers advice for taming your nerves.Plus it has a recipe for "GameFace Quintuple Sugar Blast Bars," if you're into that kind of thing. Cons This book is a lighthearted departure from more serious, traditional prep books. While it's a relatively fun way to introduce yourself to the ACT and gain some intriguing insights from former test-takers, it's probably not sufficientas your only source of test prep. It might be more like a "pre-book" to start out your studying, clear up questions and anxieties around the test, and learn about what the test and experience is like in an engaging way.To gain more rigorous review of different sections of the ACT, I recommend checking out these subject-specific books listed below. Best Books for ACT Math Are you looking to pay special attention to the math section of the ACT? These books focus specifically on ACT math, so they can be especially useful if this is where you're trying to improve your scores the most. My two recommendations are the Ultimate Guide to the Math ACT and McGraw Hill's Top 50 Skills for Math. Ultimate Guide to the Math ACT Amazon price: about $24 Pros The Ultimate Guide to the Math ACTgives clear, well-crafted lessons of each math topic that shows up on the ACT math, like algebra and geometry. It also breaks them down into smaller subtopics, like functions and plane geometry. It covers everything you need to know and doesn't go beyond the concepts that will appear on the test. It also has high-level strategies for solving problems, saving time, and prepping in the most effective and efficient way. Cons The answer explanations to the practice problems are not as thorough as they could be. This book doesn't walk you through the steps of solving the problem like the ACT Black Book does, meaning you could run into confusion with a similar problem. It also doesn't have a frequency guide that shows you how often to expect certain concepts or identify levels of difficulty. This means it's up to you to figure this out and prioritize your studying. McGraw Hill's Top 50 Skills for Math Amazon price: about $14 Pros McGraw Hill's Top 50 Skills for Math, unlike a lot of other math review books,is written in an engaging style. It discusses 50 critical math skills you need for the ACT, along with sample questions illustrating each concept. A particular strength of this ACT prep book is that itwalks you through solving the problems from beginning to end, which can aid your thinking when you're taking the real test. This book has a diagnostic pre-test you can use to assess your skills starting out, as well as a post-test to gauge your progress. Cons Since this book is more focused on teaching the top 50 math skills, it's limited in terms of practice questions. This book would best be used to review concepts alongside the Red Book plus another source of practice questions. While this book is useful for students at all levels, it doesn't provide extra strategies or tips beyond the ordinary. It's probably not the book that will push motivated students into the top percentile of scores. Best ACT Prep Books for English and Reading In terms of the English and Reading sections of the ACT, my top recommendation comes from Erica Meltzer. Erica Meltzer's The Complete Guide to ACT English Amazon price: about $31 Pros Erica Meltzer teaches you about the different types of English questions and drills you on those question types. She explains the important grammar and usage rules you need to answer these questions correctly, like parallel structure, sentences and fragments, even punctuation marks like apostrophes and dashes. The practice questions are grouped by skill so you can drill your understanding of each rule. This book is straightforward, to the point, and covers the most important skills and rules you need to know. Cons One obvious con is this book is relatively expensive considering it only covers one of the four sections on the ACT. It is helpful for learning and drilling all the grammar rules, but not sufficient as a source of practice questions. While it's helpful that Erica Meltzer groups the questions by skill, the actual ACT will ask these questions randomly. You'll have to move beyond this book to make sure you can identify the skill without it being pre-labeled in the book. The Complete Guide to ACT Reading Amazon price: about $28 Pros Both the reading passages and practice questions are high quality and realistic in Erica Meltzer's The Complete Guide to ACT Reading. Erica Meltzer does a good job of teasing apart the skills you need to develop for this section, which can be harder to identify than, say, the math section. She gives activities to drill each skill, as well as discusses strategies for reading the passages and saving time. For more pieces of advice, you can check out her blog, The Critical Reader. Cons Like her English book, this one is relatively pricey. Bought together, they total roughly $60, and that's only to cover English and Reading. Some students find her writing style to be a bit dry, while others appreciate that it's direct and to the point. While the material is high quality, the layout is not compelling. It has small font and not particularly creative graphics. Best Book for ACT Science Even though many students find the Science section to be the most challenging part of the ACT, until recently there were no books specifically dedicated to helping you on ACT Science. At PrepScholar, we know all the tricks for making ACT Science easier, so we decided to compile them into a book. The PrepScholar Guide to ACT Science Amazon price:about $5 (e-book) Pros This book covers every topic, skill, and question type you'll see on ACT Science which means that nothing on this section will come as a surprise on test day. It includes a list of every science fact you could be tested on, so you're only studying the science information you need to know. It also contains multiple strategies for tackling ACT Science passages so you can choose the method that works best for you. Most importantly, this book contains all of our best ACT Science test-taking tricks.Many students get tripped up on the Science section because it's so different from the science tests they've taken in school. However, this books shows you how to identify every trick in ACTScience and learn how toavoid getting fooled by them so you can find the correct answer quickly and more easily. Cons While every chapter in this book includes sample questions to help you see and understand different concepts, there is no final quiz or exam section at the end of the book. To fully practice everything you've learned from this book, we recommend takingfull-length Science sections. Additionally, right now the book is only available as an e-book, so you can't purchase a hard copy if that's how you prefer to study. Is Studying from Books the Best Option for You? Studying for the ACT probably isn't at the top of your favorite things to do. For a lot of students, it requires a lot of self-discipline to sit down and drill yourself on the skills you need for English, Reading, Math, and Science. Given this, you certainly don't want to be wasting your time. If you're taking the time study, you should see results. To make sure you're prepping effectively and learning the skills you need to know, I would recommend exploring all your test prep options. For instance, you can learn a lot about the ACT (for free!) from our various detailed study guides. A lot less expensive (and lighter) than all these recommendedACTpreparation books, since unfortunately there's no ACT preparation books free download. These are just a few of the most useful guides, and we're adding new ones every day. The Best Way to Review Your Mistakes on ACT Questions Should You Guess on the ACT? 5 Guessing Strategies The 31 ACT Critical Math Formulas You Must Know The Complete Guide to ACT Grammar Rules ACT Vocabulary: Words You Must Know How to Write an ACT Essay, Step by Step How to Get a Perfect ACT Score, by a 36 Full Scorer All of us at PrepScholar have been through the standardized testing process and understand what's at stake. We also know that it's important to prep in a way that's customized to you as a student, celebrates your authentic learning style, and doesn't feel tedious or boring. You can try a 5 day free trial of our online ACT prep program to see if it works for you. You can learn exactly how PrepScholar customizes your study plan, keeps track of your progress, and helps you stay accountable to your goals. While books offer a ton of information, their very thoroughnessadds extra challenge to an already high stakes situation. Before spending your time and money on all these books, consider how you best learn and what your goals are so you can make things easier on yourself and determine yourbest approach. What's Next? How long should you study before you take the ACT? Check out our recommended study plan here. When are you going to take the ACT for the first time? How many times do you plan to take it? This article discusses the most important factors in choosing your test dates. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Radio Broadcasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Radio Broadcasting - Essay Example After the American government stepped in to regulate this air traffic of signals by allotting licensed frequencies to the private operators, the era of commercial broadcasting came into being and led to a perceptual shift in the American culture. The men and boys saw the experimentation with radio as a symbol of masculine prerogative, brought it into their homes, and introduced it to the other family members. The listeners discovered the new face of their individual identities, closely linked to the idea of cohesive nationhood, through broadcasts of diverse entertainment programs and news items. Gradually, commercial reasons led to the introduction of advertisements interlaced with the main items, as well as standardization of broadcast timings, for most of the programs. With this it was possible for listeners to tune in to multiple broadcasts by adjusting their own schedules accordingly. The network programs allowed people to sit and listen to their favorite serials, like the women's serial drama nick named "soap opera", at the same time everyday or every week. This created a sort of customer loyalty as far as the programs were concerned, and a gradual shift in the cultural habits of the audience. The advertisements which were interwoven along with the main program also created a loyalty towards the products which were advertised. These factors permanently altered the social habits of the American society. Impact of Radio on large media companies: With the rise of compulsive consumerism brought about by the radio transmission of popular programs and advertisements, large media companies like NBC, and CBS sensed big business opportunities. The individual broadcasting stations got affiliated to national networks or were absorbed by big broadcasting chains, so that they could benefit from the economies of scale. The broadcast time was gradually increasing, By the middle of 1930's, many stations were using an airtime of 12 to 18 hours per day. This made it necessary for the broadcasters to fill the expanded airtime with variations of program types already developed. The large companies like NBC and CBS, also had to develop newer varieties of programs, like live performances by orchestras, talk shows, soap operas, and afternoon serial dramas. For this, they had to develop their own recording studios. Transcription, or pre-recorded music was also in vogue. To cut costs, these large companies bought the prerecorded music from transcription firms. The big companies were better placed financially, so they could command better quality of transcriptions, and also could afford to hire the best performers for their live shows. Although music was dominating the air time, emphasis by the network broadcasters was on transcriptions and not on classical music, whereas NBC could manage to broadcast a symphony orchestra with eminent musicians like the conductor of New York Philharmonic for many years, as opposed to the network operator who were mainly using transcriptions of music performances by local artistes. Similarly, CBS hired the services of actors, writers, poets etc to continue with high quality dramas and talk shows. Thus, the large media firms, who entered the broadcasting market, were able to continue with

The Black Death in Police Custody Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Black Death in Police Custody - Essay Example Deaths in police, prison and psychiatric custody since 1990. The details of deaths of blacks which have taken place in police custody and which have given rise to concern because of unexplained or mysterious circumstances surrounding those deaths and / or allegations of maltreatment, dereliction of duty or brutality have been discussed. The Study will be increasingly contacted by a small but nevertheless disturbing number of families where a relative has died in suspicious circumstances and they are unhappy with the police investigation. Whilst it is not within our remit to provide assistance in such cases we have referred many families to members of our Lawyers group. The police are investigating themselves that makes it very difficult for them to win the trust of the deceased's family, friends and local community. This is particularly the case following a black death in custody, when the police face a black community that already has, as senior police officers acknowledge, a height ened mistrust of the police. Families frequently complain about the length of time that the investigation takes, their lack of involvement in it and, as mentioned earlier, the nature of the questions about the deceased. One major cause of anger for black families following a death in police custody is the misinformation - perhaps more accurately 'spin' - put out in the police's publicity about the circumstances of the death. This misinformation, issued soon after the death, has tended to shape news coverage and wider public perceptions of the causes of a death and seems to be intended to play down the involvement of police officers. Table 1: Deaths in Police Custody 1990-1998 (to July) Source: INQUEST monitoring RTA = Road Traffic Accident For the family of the deceased the inquest is their only opportunity to find out the circumstances of the death. This is particularly important given the lack of prior disclosure of information. However there are a number of serious obstacles in the way of effective representation. For a start not everyone has a family; in some cases there is no one who qualifies as a 'properly interested person' under the Coroners' Rules. There is no legal aid (provision for it was made in the Legal Aid Act 1949 but never brought into force; it was repealed in 1988). In cases where families have had legal advice and representation (often free as there is no legal aid) experienced barristers and solicitors have been able to shed new light on the cause of death. Aim of Research The Study's principal aim is to explore the reasons behind the black deaths in police custody. And there are should be a wide ranging public inquiry into deaths in custody to consider: - to investigate legal processes which follow; - to focus in particular on the treatment of bereaved families; - to address the disproportionate number of black

Multimedia and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multimedia and Design - Essay Example In this "Multimedia and design" essay, the author describes points of view and thoughts about this issue of three different authors. Norman (2004) in his book â€Å"Emotional Design† has given knowledge about the Psychology behind the design whether people think it bad or good. Norman in his book referred to three levels of processing such as visceral level, behavioral level, and reflective level. He justifies that how emotions impact their decisions and design. Visceral design of goods concerns the appearance of things. Materials, sounds, texts and smell are all features, which determine the relationship of consumers with objects. People attract the goods because these look good. Focus in the â€Å"Emotional design† is given to move the thinking from practical to products and services, which are enjoyable and give pleasure and fun to consumers. When Norman speaks on the design, he makes efforts to relate the users’ perception about the performance of objects and does not concern the visual sense of objects. It is also justified that Norman looked on the both sides of the story. Dichotomy approaches of objective and subjective are also focused in the Norman’s work. Norman’ book also concerns the emotional designs. Norman already wrote three books, which support to understand the authors feelings expressed in the current book. The work of the Norman is motivating and influencing in the field of design of objects. However, several shortcomings are also displayed which impact the quality of work. Young ideas are also problematic in reference to the theoretical framework of Norman. For example, Norman defined the positive and negative impacts, which were produced at the visceral level. In the later sections, he contradicted the definition about visceral level and added it two other levels such as behavioral and reflective. Three levels about design of objects demonstrate the overlapping from his discussion and render the precise of categorization in suspect. Instead of the flaws in the â€Å"Emotional Design† a vivid canvas is created that integrates the emotional facets into the field that is dominated by the technical concerns. Both subjective and objective approaches are illustrated through the examples. Innovation arise from the changing business needs and does not involve the emotions. For example, advent of colour TV was the demand and emotional needs of the users in the market 2. THE PHILOSOPHER'S TOOL KIT II (Wittkower) In the book of Wittkower (2008) the most p art concerns the iPod and philosophy as an icon of ePoch. People differed mainly in concepts and theories on philosophy. Main theme of philosophy concerns the personal reflection and respond based on the experience. Core philosophy is thinking of human ability that enables people to invent, understand and respond to the questions. Association between philosophies is increasing in the context of academic learning. The close association between computer engineering and computer science also shapes popular culture. The culture of iPod emerged since 2001. Needs and demand of the people on the design of everything is also revealed. Therefore, this world is also designed in a way that very designed thing can be touched, felt and tasted. Not all the new innovative things are developed at once, but according to requirements and demands. Philosophy refreshes our minds for new things and concepts, and uncertainty about philosophy is most vital considered. Now a day the

True Cost of Mega-Retailers Essay Example for Free

True Cost of Mega-Retailers Essay The phenomenon of big box economics brings with several ethical concerns that taint its most favorable effect, that of bringing lower-priced goods to the American market. Whether manufacturers who produce these goods keep their factories on United States soil or abroad, many of the persons who work within them suffer under conditions that no American would be required to endure. On American soil, such workers (who are likely to be illegal immigrants) are often paid at the lowest rates possible, and along with this comes the lack of accompanying benefits, such as health or accident insurance (Mitchell, 36). Many manufacturers are often drawn to foreign soil because minimum wages are much lower in some countries, making the costs of production fall to a level that increases their profit margins significantly. Despite the fact that higher profit margins lead to greater overall taxes paid to the government, these practices do impact negatively on the American economy. One way in which this negative impact is felt is through the removal of jobs from the American arena into other countries. Many of these factories employ thousands of workers, and each of them represents one unemployed American that would otherwise be contributing to the overall national income (GDP) of the country. This negatively affects the unemployment rate within the country, and therefore counteracts the aforementioned positive benefits in the area of taxes by making it necessary for the government to pay out unemployment benefits. The employment of low-paid immigrants or the outsourcing of jobs also forces Americans to settle for lower wages, as any refusal to accept these would simply induce manufacturers to apply to the overabundance of these foreigners. This leads to a lower standard of living for Americans. One researcher has also shown that big-box retailers whose low-cost commodities put local retailers out of business also hurt the local banks, which traditionally have strong relationships with the small retailers (Mitchell, 42). In America’s banking crisis today, such retailers are likely to continue exacerbating the economic problem, making it that much more difficult for the economy to recover from recession. Reference Mitchell, S.. Big-box Swindle: The True Cost of Mega-Retailers and the Fight for America’s Independent Businesses. Boston: Beacon Press, 2006

Behaviour Modification and Cognitive Processes of Learning

Behaviour Modification and Cognitive Processes of Learning Pillay Sheryl Amanda Ballen I will be discussing some important procedures which enable learning. Each and every human being learns any kind of behavior during their life span. There is no human being on earth who does not undergo the process of learning. There are various learning methods through which we obtain beliefs, approaches and skills (Skinner, 1971, cited in Ryckman,2013, p. 361) Here we shall discuss the principles of learning and their uses in daily life. I would like to also demonstrate how behavior modification compares with cognitive processes of learning. Learning What we mean when we say the word â€Å"learning†, we normally mean â€Å"thinking using the brain†. These concepts of learning are the central perspective in the Cognitive Learning Theory (CLT). Mental processes can be explained, as they are predisposed by both internal and external factors, which gradually bring about learning. Cognitive Learning Theory suggests that the different procedures regarding learning can be described by examining the mental processes first. It suggests that with actual cognitive processes, learning is simpler and new material can be placed in the memory for a long time. However, ineffective cognitive processes affect learning complications which can be seen in a person. Social Cognitive Theory (SLT) There are three variables in social cognitive theory, which are interconnected with each other, for learning to happen, which consist of: Personal factors Environmental factors Behavior factors An individual’s environmental interaction, beliefs, ideas and mental skills are influenced by outside factors such as a caring or uncaring parent, disturbing or healthy environment or a very hot or humid climate. The mental process in a person is affected by his behavior, and environmental interaction, which can also alter the way he thinks. One’s behavior can disturb and change the environment in which he or she lives in. Basic concepts of social learning are: Observational Learning Is a form of learning from other people, by means of observing their behavior in an effective way in order to gain knowledge and change behavior. Reproduction Is the method wherein there is a goal to successfully escalate the repeating of a behavior by means of changing the environment to a safer and more comfortable on , within reachable proximate, and to encourage him to remember the new information and behavior learned and to exercise them. Self-efficacy Is the way a person uses the newly learnt knowledge or behavior which he has learnt. Emotional coping is a good coping devices used against demanding environments and negative personal appearances can lead to operational learning, especially in adults Self – regulatory capability is the capability to regulator the behavior even within a negative environment. Classical and operant conditioning are two vital perceptions significant to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the procedure is quite different. To understand how each of these behavior modification methods can be used, it is also important to understand how classic conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another. Classic Conditioning Was developed by the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov, classic conditioning is the first type of learning wherein an organism responds to an environmental stimulus. Pavlov (1927) observed that in classic conditioning, the stimulus (S) triggers the response (R) of an organism. Within the exposure of the organism to the stimulus, reflex(Hermans et.al., 2006, cited in Weiten, 2014, p. 232). The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the stimulus which leads to an observable response without training. The unconditioned response (UR) is the response brought about by the unconditioned stimulus. It is an automatic and normal behavior. The conditioned stimulus (CR) is a stimulus that is original and has no meaning to the subject. Through learning it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) and brings about the conditioned response. The conditioned response (CR) is the behavior caused by the condition stimulus in response to the (CS). It is usually anticipation of the (US). General Observation My brother was in matric and my little sister was two years old when I observed my brother’s behavior. He would often get very frustrated with my little sister when he tried to study (US) in order for him to study he use to give her a chocolate (UR) and she would smile and leave him to study. The chocolate is a positive reinforcement. Now six months later he has completed his matric and when she goes into his room she expects chocolate (CR). Now that my brother do not give her chocolate, when she goes into his room she begins to cry, and mom would get angry at my brother for making her cry. Mom do not realize that my brother has created a (CR) in my little sister behavior, since mom does not allow her to eat chocolate. Operant Conditioning known as Instrumental Conditioning: Was established by B.F.Skinner . However Skinner was also greatly influenced by the works of Ivan Pavlov on the conditioning reflux. (Skinner, 1970, cited in Ryckman, 2013, p. 360). Operant conditioning tries to contradict the belief that internal thoughts and mere inspirations which brings about learning in a behavior. Skinner thought that only exterior causes of behavior must be considered (Skinner, 1953, p. 65)) The term â€Å"operant† was used by Skinner in order to give us a good suggestion of his theory and how he used it: (Skinner, 1953, cited in Ryckman, 2013, p. 365). Reinforcement: Is a procedure of increasing the frequency rate of a behavior by means of awarding a stimulus soon after the demonstration of the behavior. The event that strengthens the probability of the behavior to be recurring is called a reinforcer. According to Skinner, reinforcement can take two forms, which are called positive and negative reinforcement (Skinner, 1953, cited in Ryckman, 2013, p. 367). Positive Reinforcement: When my mom wanted me to do the dishes, she would say to me â€Å"if you do the dishes for me, for the week than I will take you out shopping on Saturday†. Naturally we would spend the day shopping and she would spoil me, but eventually without her asking me to do the dishes for her. I realized that she was tired after work and the least I could do was help her with the dishes. Negative reinforcement occurs when a reply is reinforced because it is followed by the elimination of an unfriendly stimulus. Example cleaning the house to get rid of the mess or wearing a safety belt whist driving to prevent an annoying sound (Skinner, 1953, cited in Ryckman, 2013, p. 367). Negative Reinforcement: I hated the fact that I needed to drive with my safety belt on, and I found that the annoying noise of the seatbelt would not stop until I buckled up which is an aversive stimulus since it encourage me to fasten my seat belt. Until I fasten the seatbelt, the annoying sound persisted I could not get rid of the aversive stimuli. Now days when I get into the car, the first thing I do is put my safety belt on. In both positive and negative reinforcement, behavior is increased, however negative reinforcement plays a key role in both escaping learning and avoidance learning (Skinner, 1953, cited in Ryckman, 2013, p. 367). In escape learning, a being obtain a response that decrease or ends some aversive stimulation example: my little sister wearing her shoes before going outside to play, this leads to: Avoidance learning in which an entity obtains a response that stops some aversive stimulation from happening example putting on shoes before you get an ammonia. Avoidance learning is a good way to see how classical conditioning and operant conditioning work together to regulate behavior. An example, shoes my sister needs to put on before she goes outside and play might become a classical conditioning (CS) that elicits a fear of wearing shoes in her. However the response of putting on her shoes is an operant behavior. This response is strengthened through negative reinforcement, because it reduces the person’s fear of getting sick. Thus in avoidance learning a fear response is acquired through classical conditioning and an avoidance response is maintained by operant conditioning. Punishment Is a process whereby a stimulus is used after the presentation of behavior and cause the decline in the possibility of the behavior to reoccur. In contrast to reinforcement there are also consequences that decrease a being’s leaning to make a specific response. Positive punishment: Is the accumulation of something which affects the decrease in repeating the behavior that was displayed? Negative punishment, also known as punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs (Skinner, 1953, cited inRyckman, 2013, p. 368). When I was younger my sister and I slept in the same room and we often fought with each other about who slept on the top of the double bunk. Until my father got angry one day and sent us both to the naughty corner for two whole hours, and whilst sitting alone it decreased our behavior and we never fought again with each other about sleeping arrangements. Negative Punishment: Decreases the behavior from occurring, it is removing pleasant stimulus when someone is not doing the appropriate behavior. Eating food was one of my difficulties, since I rather looked forward to the deserts during super time, so I use to waste my food. Dad took away my spending and said I needed to learn to appreciate and feel what poor kids are going through. He even took me to the orphanage and I felt so bad, now I know not to waste food since there are so many kids out there who do not have food. My view on wasting food has changed. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Is based on the work of Albert Bandura (1977). Bandura and his associates were able to exhibit through a variation of experimentations that the request of concerns was not necessary for learning to take place. Instead learning could happen through the simple procedure of observing someone else’s actions or behavior. This effort provided the basis for Bandura’s future work in social cognition ( Ohman Mineka, 2001, cited in Weiten, 2014, p. 252). Bandura expressed his findings in a four step design which includes a cognitive and an operant view of learning. Attention- to learn observation, you must pay attention to another person’s behavior and its environment. Retention- you may not have times to observe response for a long time. Hence the individual remembers what was noticed and must store a mental image of what he has witnessed in his memory. Reproduction- the action that the individual produces that is a replica of what was noticed. Motivation your motivation depends on whether you encounter the situation in which you believe that the response is likely to pay off for you (Weiten, 2013, p. 252). My eldest brother (fifteen years old) use to skip school and smoke cigarettes. Whilst my younger brother who was (twelve years old) at the time observed what he was doing. When my younger brother turned (fourteen) he stated smoking cigarettes too. Thereafter he started modelling my eldest brother’s behavior and he too started skipping school. Now both of them are addicted to smoking. I often hear both my brother’s saying that smoking is not good, yet they keep smoking. And when their friends come over, they smoke even worst. I cannot fully understand the need for their smoking. However I do know that it is not good for their health, it clogs their lungs and some people also dies of lung cancer, besides I hate the bad odor in there breathe. My eldest brother was a good athlete at college but these days he complains that he cannot run like he used to, because he suffers of short breath and he coughs a lot to. I constantly tell him to quit smoking and he would stop for a day or two, and he would become very frustrated and annoying to be around. Eventually I would say to him â€Å"you know, you should rather smoke because you are so annoying, your attitude really stinks† And he would say you know I cannot function without cigarettes it feels like my nerves are finished, I cannot even concentrate, I am trying to leave this addiction but it is not easy. Behavior Modification Is a therapeutic technique created by Skinner, a psychologist who is the â€Å"Father of Behaviorism.† Skinner established a theory of operant conditioning, whereby he states that all behavior is ruled by reinforcing and punishing stimuli. Behavior modification practices a planned approach that rewards wanted behavior and â€Å"punishes† unwanted behavior. This technique is used in therapy and is used in psychological settings. Behavior modification is now known as Applied behavior analysis (ABA) which is more logical (Kransner, 1970, cited in Ryckman, 2013, p. 375). How Behavior Modification is applied: Psychologists use behavior modification to treat disorders such as attention deficit disorder, autism etc. The basics of behavior modification are used to increase the desired behaviors in any specific person, regardless of functional level (Tanaka- Matsumi et al., 2002 cited in Corey2014, p. 254). For example, a person wants to quit smoking cigarettes; he may use behavioral methods to help attain those goals. Another example is, an individual who sees a shark and swims for his life, and he is not swimming fast because he is â€Å"scared.† Instead, he is swimming fast because he saw what happened to other’s who did not swim and who was eaten by the shark. The impulse to swim fast is a result of those that swam and did not live. In addition, the particular feeling of being â€Å"scared† is measured as a flight reflex, not a feeling. The heart races and adrenaline rises as the nervous system responds to the situation at hand. Hence, anything a person does can be directed to behavior modification. Reinforcement and Punishment The idea of reinforcement and punishment is often used in different ways, in behavior modification than in everyday linguistic. Whatever increases a behavior is a reflected reinforcement and whatever decreases the behavior is punishment. The complex part is that both reinforcement and punishment can have either a positive or negative outcome. Positive refers to whatever is added to the situation and negative is whatever is taken away from the situation (Watson Tharp, 1997, cited in Weiten, 2014, p. 260). Positive Reinforcement: When I was in school my mom would give me a huge hug and when I got really good marks she would reward me with presents for passing. Negative Reinforcement: My brother often did not do well at school, and he did not get any praises from my parents, instead my parents were disappointment and would often ground him. This is a negative reinforcement, because although he was not an academic student I feel my parents would still praise him and motivated him in whatever field he is good at. Punishment: Often my brother had to do the gardening for the duration of the school term in order for his grades to go up. This was dad’s way of punishing him positively. Mom use to take away his play station and his bicycle until his grades picked up. This was mom’s way of punishing him negatively (Weiten, 2014, p. 260). Behavior Modification in Everyday Life: According to Lazaras (1989) behavior modification may seem complicated, but in fact it is actually quite simple. If an individual is reinforced every single time he or she does something good, sooner or later the reinforcement will lose its power. When using this technique with general people, one should reinforce the desired outcome, with a consistency. Then as they start to respond, change your schedule of reinforcement to every third time, and they will do what you want. After a while, change it again to every fifth time until they do it automatically (Lazaras 1989 cited in Corey, 2014). Mom wanted dad to open the car door for her. When they went out shopping she carried all the bags and when she got to the car, dad noticed that her hands were filled and he opened the door for her. Once he opened the door, she looked at him in the eye and told him what an amazing person he is. After several times of her encouraging him to open the door, eventually he started opening the car door for her regularly. And once she noticed that he was opening the door for her she did not compliment him every time. However once in a while she would complement him. Conclusion Both cognitive processes and behavior modification has been used with good outcomes to help people with a wide variety of problems. These approaches makes use of tangible, involvements, because of the way problems are recognized .The major methods are logical and straightforward. References Corey, G. (2014). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (SA ed.). USA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Inc. Ryckman,R. M. (2013). Theories of Personality (10th, ed.). USA: International Edition, Cengage Learning. Corey, G. (1986).Theory and practice of group counselling and psychotherapy(3rd ed.). Monterey, CA Brooks/Cole. Weiten, W. (2014). Psychology Themes and Variations (SA. Ed.). Las Vegas, USA: Cengage Learning.